Sten conversion

Items

Environmental monitoring: 21, 26,31,26,41
Enactive mastery: 2,7,12,17,27,32,37
Self-regulation: 33,43,48, 50
Vicarious experience: 4,9,14,19,29,34,39,44
Controlling phy-emotions: 10,15,20,25,40,45,5

Standard score	Sten score
< (-2.0)	1
(-2.01) – (-1.49)	2
(-1.50) – (-1.00)	3
(-1.01) – (-0.50)	4
(-0.51) – (-0.00)	5
0.00 – 0.50	6
0.51 – 1.00	7
1.01 – 1.49	8
1.50 – 1.99	9
2.0 >	10

farmer's life

http://www.publishyourarticles.org/knowledge-hub/essay/an-essay-on-the-life-of-an-indian-farmer.html

Data collection Support from PRISM, Matharihat

For the purpose of project, on behalf of Shri Nilangshu Gain, Officer-in-charge of Swanirbhar, Baduria, North 24 Paraganas,W.B., I contacted Ms. Nita Dhar, Officer-in-charge of PRISM, Matharihat, Jalpaiguri. Ms. Nita and Ms. Jhuma and other field workers provided us very nice hospitality and support to exchange ideas with farmers of Uttar, Madhya khayrabari and some farmers of Totopara. They arranged farmers' meeting and assisted us in interpreting the language in terms of local language, Sadri. We collected data from them through questionnaire. After collection of data, some farmers said- “ First time, we get chance to analyze ourselves”. Some farmers started rethinking of new path for development.

I found all the office bearers of PRISM as enthusiastic, creative, dedicated and benevolent to uplift the down trodden people. They kept themselves engaged in this noble profession disregarding their personal needs. Their main activities include awareness generation and distribution of basic amenities. They usually took different projects for training and distribution. They followed participatory rural appraisal system in identification of community needs. This helps them to develop community oriented training needs. Next, they prepared community need oriented IEC materials in Bengali and Hindi languages. They disseminate schemes of the Govt. through community development programs, scout etc.
Another interesting thing is their social networking and reliability in support services. They established good linkage and trained villagers different modalities of social networking.

I wish their success. Without their support, I could not collect data.

Support from PRISM, Matharihat

For the purpose of project, on behalf of Shri Nilangshu Gain, Officer-in-charge of Swanirbhar, Baduria, North Paraganas, I contacted Ms. Nita Dhar, Officer-in-charge of PRISM, Matharihat, Jalpaiguri. Ms. Nita and Ms. Jhuma and other field workers provided us very nice hospitality and support to exchange ideas with farmers of Uttar, Madhya khayerbari and some farmers of Totopara. They arranged farmers' meeting and assisted us in interpreting the language in terms of local language, Sadri. We collected data from them.

I found them as enthusiastic, creative, dedicated and benevolent to uplift the down trodden people. They kept themselves engaged in this noble profession disregarding their personal needs. Their main activities include awareness generation and distribution of basic amenities. They usually took different projects for training and distribution. They followed participatory rural appraisal system in identification of community needs. This helps them to develop community oriented training needs. Next, they prepared community need oriented IEC materials in Bengali and Hindi languages. They dissemiante schemes of the Govt through community development programs, scout etc.
Another interesting thing is their social networking and reliability in support services. They established good linkage and trained villagers different modaliteis of social networking.
I wish their success. Without their support, I could not collect data.

domains

These domains are (a) Monitoring environmental uncertainty; (b) Enactive Mastery experience; (c) Self-regulation; (d) Vicarious experience and (e) controlling physiological and emotional states.

Monitoring Environment

Enactive mastery

Bandura (1997) cites four determinants or sources of feelings of self-efficacy. The first, enactive mastery, refers to knowledge and skill gained through experience and perseverance. In order for self-efficacy to be gained, some failures must be experienced. If success comes too easily, the individual is likely to feel less of a sense of accomplishment and feelings of mastery are likely to be diminished. Elder and Liker (1982) found that women who faced economic hardship and exhibited adaptive behavior during the Great Depression felt more self-assured later in life than those who did not have to struggle with poverty. Progressive mastery has been shown to enhance feelings of self-efficacy and improve analytic thinking, goal setting, and performance (Bandura and Jourden, 1991).

When small failures are encountered, the individual has the opportunity to make adjustments to actions taken and exercise better control over what is taking place (Bandura, 1997). In this way, a sustained effort leads to a greater sense of self-efficacy. Whether success or failure occurs is less important than how the individual perceives the significance of the event and the individual’s overall competence (Bandura, 1982).

Enactive mastery has been found to be the most influential source of self-efficacy, leading to stronger and more generalized feelings of self-efficacy than that which relies exclusively on the other three sources of self-efficacy (Bandura, 1997) which are described below.

Ref:


Ref:Bandura, A. (1997). Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control. New York, NY: W. H. Freeman and Company.

Bandura, A. & Jourden, F. J. (1991). Self-regulatory mechanisms governing the impact
of social comparison on complex decision making. Journal of Personality and
Social Psychology, 60(6), 941-951.


http://www.des.emory.edu/mfp/effbook3.html

Budbud, Burdwan

16.8.2011
Burdwan district is situated nearby Damodar river. Here land is suitable for rice cultivation.
On the way to Durgapur highway, there is Krishi Vigyan Kendra located at Budbud. KVK is engaged in agricultural research and dissemination of knowledge through in house and field training. Dr. Rahman is the senior scientist and in-charge of Krishi Vigyan kendra, Budbud.
We contacted him for collection of data from two villages - KVK adopted and KVK non-adopted village.

Me, Ms. Suchandra Ghosh, project linked person and Dr. Rahman went to Burdwan on 16th August, 2011. Dr. Rahman extended full support to arrange accommodation in the campus and collection of data from 16-17th August.

In both villages, farmer meeting was held in local club room. Dr. Rahman initially talked to local people about the proposed meeting. After meeting, we arranged lunch for all the participants.

Farmers in the KVK adopted village are more aware of new technology in crop production. Here farmers themselves are engaged in sowing seeds whereas few farmers in non adopted village are engaged in sowing. Former depends on labour as well as own effort where as later depends on labour. Does it mean that knowledge facilitate role enacting ?

I expected presence of more labourers and bargadars or share croppers. Few labourers attended the meeting. It appears to me that meeting with only sharecroppers or with labourers are more important so that my sample will be more distributed.

Farmers of both villages follow both organic and inorganic cultivation. Non-adopted village farmers were more confused about new technology adoption.

Budgeting resource

Our observation and interview with farmers show that farmers are not aware of enterprise and family budget. Below is the brief idea about enterprise budget.

FARM PLANNING

Planning means taking decisions in advance. It stimulates thinking, broadens understanding & challenges the farmer to move forward. It is a forward-looking approach.

The farm plan helps a farmer to decide how to combine new ideas & old ones to his best advantage. By identifying his credit & supply needs, the farm plan helps him to arrange for the timely supplies of credit, seeds, fertilisers, etc. A specific farm plan setting fort his expected output,expenses & income, serves as a sound basis on which a credit institution can give him production credit, based on his productive capability rather than on his net financial assets. It is out of his income & not through the sale of assets that the cultivator has to pay off his loan. Thus the farm plan or the budget is to the farmer what the blue-print of the architect is to a building contractor. It shows what is to be done & how it is to be done. It furnishes an organised & logical approach to his problems & helps him to work out the solution.

DIFFERENT TYPES OF FARM BUDGETING & PLANNING

There are three main types of farm budgetings:

• Enterprise budgeting
• Partial budgeting
• Full or complete budgeting & planning.

Enterprise budgeting. The enterprise budgets are the input-output relationship for individual enterprises. An enterprise budget includes all the variable resources required per unit (a hectare/animal/tree, etc.) of an enterprise & its cost, the expected output,gross returns, etc. A format of an enterprise budget is given in Table 1.

TABLE 1: format of an enterprise budget

Items

Quantity(kg/litre)

Value(Rs)

GROSS RETURNS
Main product
By-product
Total
CASH VARIABLE EXPENSES
1. Seed & seed treatment
(i)Seed
(ii)Sub-total
2. Manures & fertilisers
A. Farmyard manure
B. Chemical fertilisers
(i)CAN urea
(ii)Superphosphate
(iii)Muriate of Potash
Sub-total
3. Insecticides & fungicides
4. Tractor fuel cost
5. Irrigation hours
6. Human labour
7. Threshing hours with diesel engine
8. Cost of typing material
9. Marketing charges
Sub-total
10. Interest on variable expenses for half the period of growth
11. Total variable expenses
12. Returns over variable expenses
13. Man-hours
14. Bullock labour (pair hours)
15. Machine(tractor hours)

---

Enterprise budgets provide useful information regarding the resources requirements & the relative profitability of different enterprises. Thus these budgets, considered in the framework of farm resources, are the alternatives from among which the most profitable ones are to be selected. In this context, the enterprise budgets need to be prepared at different levels of technology, as (a)the existing level of technology; and (b) the improved or recommended level of technology.

A comparison of the enterprise budgets at the existing & improved levels of technology provides the scope or the potential of making farm improvements. The enterprise budgets lack in one important aspect that these do not consider the complementary & supplementary relationships amongst themselves which are quite common among farm enterprises at low level of production, but they simply assume to be competitive to one another right from the beginning. But these relationships are taken care of in complete planing & budgeting.